Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. Indeed, studies have found that, when statistical gender differences in agricultural productivity exist, they often disappear when access to and use of productive inputs are taken into account.40 The chart shows the percentage of men and women who report borrowing any money in the past 12 months to start, operate, or expand a farm or business. The next chart plots cross-country estimates https://detroitisit.com/2021/02/ of the share of women who are not involved in decisions about their own income. The chart here plots the proportion of women in senior and middle management positions around the world. This matters for policy because social norms are not fixed – they can be influenced in a number of ways, including through intergenerational learning processes, exposure to alternative norms, and activism such as that which propelled the women’s movement.35
- Everyone who took part in the survey is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses.
- By comparison, the gender pay gap among workers of all ages that year was 15 cents.
- There is evidence that social norms can be actively and rapidly changed.
- In contrast, a 2020 study in the Netherlands found little evidence for discrimination against women in hiring based on their parental status.
- This is of course closely related to the fact that in most countries there are gender gaps in labor force participation and wages.
- These gaps persist even after controlling for job title and compensable factors.
Despite such laws at the national level being few and far between, there are calls for EU-level regulation. However, taking into account the hours worked in Finland, men there only earned 0.4% more in net income than women. However, Brazil saw a setback in the progress towards gender parity this year, with its overall gender gap standing at its widest point since 2011. In Australia, the Workplace Gender Equality Agency (WGEA), a statutory Australian Government agency, https://seonote.info/learning-the-secrets-about-10/ publishes data from non-public-sector Australian organizations. This is a plot of non-adjusted pay gaps (median earnings of full-time employees) according to the OECD. However, the same study showed that men in their 30s out-earned women in their 30s by an average of £8,775.
The non-adjusted gender pay gap or gender wage gap is typically the median or mean average difference between the remuneration for all working men and women in the sample chosen. The gender pay gap can be a problem from a public policy perspective in developing countries because it reduces economic output and means that women are more likely to be dependent upon welfare payments, especially in old age. Although rewarding greater ability and productivity with increased responsibilities and compensation is generally regarded as a reasonable principle, evaluations of equality should also consider gender differences in career opportunities and trajectories. The gender pay gap or gender wage gap is the average difference between the remuneration for men and women who are employed.
In 2025, the gender pay gap is widest when all workers — both full-time and part-time — are included.
May collect and analyze data and develop decision support software, services, or products. Responsible for work assignments, training, performance evaluation, and ensuring work standards are met. ONET Online has detailed descriptions of the world of work for use by job seekers, workforce development and HR professionals, students, developers, researchers, and more. We also evaluate pay equity among workers who are planning to seek a new job in the next 6 months against those who plan to stay in their job, this sample comprises 85,391 respondents. We also ask respondents to the survey if they are a parent or able to work from home. To ensure a fair comparison, we convert hourly compensation to annual compensation where necessary and re-scale annual compensation to a 40-hour work week where necessary.
Which industries have the biggest and smallest gender pay gap?
- That is, this is the pay difference that exists between the genders after we control for all measured compensable factors.
- Moreover, the World Economic Forum provides data from 2015 that evaluates the gender pay gap in 145 countries.
- The data show that majority-female occupations do not eliminate the pay gap — women in these roles still earn less than men in comparable positions.
- The empirical exploration in this study highlights the remarkable power that gender norms and identity have on labor-market outcomes.
- Around the time the US entered World War II, it is estimated that 87% of all school boards would not hire a married woman and 70% would not retain an unmarried woman who married.12
- This shows that, although family-friendly policies contribute to improving female labor force participation and reducing the gender pay gap, they are only part of the solution.
According to Payscale’s 2026 Compensation Best Practices Report, 42% of organizations post salary ranges for all roles, regardless of location. Because employers hire across states, pay transparency in one state can affect hiring practices in other states. Academic research from Texas A&M University concludes that sterling academic credentials simply don’t carry the same pay premium for women compared to men. Looking at the controlled gender wage gap tells a more nuanced story. The uncontrolled wage gap widened by $0.01 in 2026 compared to 2025, while the controlled gap stayed the same for this pay bracket. Women earn $0.80 for every dollar men earn with data uncontrolled and $0.98 when controlling for https://www.datakom.lv/lv/datakom-solutions/ai-solutions/ai-chatbot/ job title and compensable factors.
About three-quarters of Democratic women (76%) say this, compared with 59% of Democratic men. Women are much more likely than men (61% vs. 37%) to say a major reason for the gap is that employers treat women differently. There are some notable differences between men and women in views of what’s behind the gender wage gap. Smaller shares point to women making different choices about how to balance work and family (42%) and working in jobs that pay less (34%). Other factors that are difficult to measure, including gender discrimination, may also contribute to the ongoing wage discrepancy. Here are the questions used in this analysis, along with responses, and its methodology.
Maternity leave in the United States
Industries with strong collective bargaining coverage, such as the public sector, show a smaller gender pay gap. One of the strongest determinants of the gender pay gap in Germany identified in research is parenthood. When comparing people with the same job title, women in public sector positions earn approximately 99% of their male counterparts, while those in the private sector only earn 95%.